Patanjali’s Definition
In Yogasutra 2, Patanjali defines Yoga as “yogash chitta vritti nirodhah,” translated as:
- Yoga is restraining the mind (Chitta) from assuming various forms (Vrittis).
- Yoga is the regulation, channeling, mastery, or control of mind field modifications (gross and subtle thought patterns).
- Yoga is the restraint of mind modifications.
- Yoga or Concentration is the hindering of modifications of the thinking principle.
- Union (Yoga) is restraining the mind’s natural thought-streams.
Key Concepts
The definition of Yoga revolves around three key concepts:
- Chitta (Mind-stuff): A storehouse of memories representing the mind. It comprises Manas (recording faculty), Buddhi (discriminative faculty), and Ahamkara (ego sense).
- Vritti (Modifications): Mental responses to external stimuli, associated with the ego sense, resulting in feelings of happiness or unhappiness.
- Nirodhah (Control): The necessity of controlling thought waves and ego sense identification to prevent false identification with the true self (Atman), which remains pure and unchanged.
Role of the Atman
God (Brahman or Paramatman) exists in all beings as Atman or Purusha, the sentient being’s true soul. The mind appears intelligent but derives its consciousness from Atman, the pure and absolute consciousness. When stimuli affect the mind, it becomes active, while in a state of absence-mindedness, it remains inactive.
The awareness of knowledge stems from the ego sense, which falsely identifies with the Atman. This identification leads to the false impression of the ego being the Atman, similar to a miniature bulb claiming to be the electric current.
The Process of Control
Controlling the thought waves involves unraveling the false identification between the ego and the true self. This process requires a transformation of the mind’s character, a gradual process of unlearning. Patanjali emphasizes that all minds can be disciplined to achieve one-pointedness.
When the mind is still and clear, an individual realizes their true nature as the Atman. The mistaken belief in separation disappears, revealing the physical body as a mere covering. Such a soul achieves freedom and enlightenment.
Conclusion
Patanjali’s Yoga system advocates for self-realization through the control of thought waves. It prescribes eight steps (ashtanga yoga) for achieving physical and mental mastery, leading to the awareness of the true self and the realization of infinite Brahman. Patanjali’s focus lies in mind control rather than physical positions, reiterating the importance of controlling the mind and overcoming false identifications.
